HTML Entities : Java Glossary

2008-03-30 by Roedy Green ©1996-2008 Canadian Mind Products
Go to : punctuation 0-9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z (all)

Entities in HTML

codes use in HTML to get fancy characters e.g.

Common Sample Entities
How The Entity is Rendered	How To Code the Enitity
&	&
<	<
>	>
™	™
é	é
‘	‘
’	’
“	“
”	”

Possible Special Characters

You will learn to create all the special characters like these using named entities:

∠

∞

⇐

‎

⌉

‚

⊆

⊇

∴

≈

†

∅

∀

↔

∫

⌈

‹

−

∉

”

›

⋅

∑

℘

„

♣

‡

⇔

“

‘

∇

⊄

⊗

√

ℜ

≅

↓

♥

∈

≤

″

⟩

(-)

™

‍

ℵ

•

⇓

≡

…

⟨

⌊

–

‾

∂

′

⌋

∼

↑

‌

∩

↵

€

⁄

∗

—

≠

⊕

‰

∏

⇒

‏

♠

⊃

⇑

∧

∪

♦

∃

≥

ℑ

←

◊

∋

∨

⊥

∝

→

’

⊂

Depending on your browser and your installed fonts, some of those characters above will not display properly. I have discovered that Opera, Firefox, Mozilla and Netscape all handle fonts with missing characters properly. If a font is missing a character, they borrow it from a font that has it rather than leaving it blank or drawing an empty box. IE is not clever enough to do this.

I have the following fonts work best for rendering the more exotic characters: Lucida Unicode, Lucida Sans, Serif, SansSerif, MS PGothic, MSUIgothic and Monospaced.

I also discovered many fonts from the pre-Unicode era do not work well. Ideally you want all your fonts designed for Unicode. If you have fonts in Opentype, PostScript Type 1 and TrueType form, you can experiment to see which works best, testing them as appropriate in your word processor, Java and browser.

Possible Accented Characters

You will learn to generate all the accented characters like:

Depending on your browser and your installed fonts, some of those characters above will not display properly.

Possible Greek Characters

You will learn to create all the Greek characters like:

Special Character Entity Codes

Entity Codes for Special Characters in HTML
Char	Code	Description
'	'	apostrophe, single quote, use &grave; and acute for left/right, or the new ‘ and ’. ' is not officially recognised. It is not needed.
@	@	at sign. &at; is not officially recognised. It is not needed.
`	`	grave
~	~	tilde
´	´	acute accent, spacing acute
ℵ	&alefsym;	alef symbol, first transfinite cardinal
&	&	ampersand
∧	&and;	logical and, wedge
∠	&ang;	angle
≈	≈	almost equal to, asymptotic to
„	&bdquo;	double low-9 quotation mark
¦	¦	broken bar
•	•	bullet, black small circle
∩	∩	intersection
¸	¸	cedilla, spacing cedilla
¢	¢	cent sign
ˆ	&circ;	modifier letter circumflex accent
♣	&clubs;	black club suit, shamrock
≅	&cong;	approximately equal to
©	©	copyright sign
↵	&crarr;	downwards arrow with corner leftwards
∪	∪	union, cup
¤	¤	currency sign
†	&dagger;	dagger. Not widely supported. only works in Latin-1
‡	&Dagger;	double dagger
↓	↓	downwards arrow
⇓	&dArr;	downwards double arrow
°	°	degree sign
Δ	Δ	Greek upper case delta. Note the upper case D, not δ δ
♦	&diams;	black diamond suit
÷	÷	division sign
∅	∅	empty set, null set, diameter
	&emsp;	em space
	&ensp;	en space
≡	&equiv;	identical to
€	€	Euro. only works in Latin-1.
∃	∃	there exists
ƒ	&fnof;	latin small f with hook, function
∀	∀	for all
½	½	vulgar fraction 1/2 one half
¼	¼	vulgar fraction 1/4 one quarter
¾	¾	vulgar fraction 3/4 three quarters
⁄	&frasl;	fraction slash
≥	≥	greater or equal
>	>	greater than
↔	↔	left right arrow
⇔	⇔	left right double arrow
♥	&hearts;	black heart suit, valentine
…	…	… horizontal ellipsis, three dot leader
¡	¡	inverted exclamation mark
ℑ	&image;	blackletter capital I, imaginary part
∞	∞	infinity
∫	∫	integral
¿	¿	inverted question mark
∈	∈	element of
⟨	&lang;	left-pointing angle bracket
«	«	left guillemot, left angled quote, left-pointing double angle quotation mark.
←	←	leftwards arrow
⇐	⇐	leftwards double arrow
⌈	&lceil;	left ceiling, apl upstile
“	“	left double quote.
≤	≤	less or equal
⌊	&lfloor;	left floor, apl downstile
∗	&lowast;	asterisk operator
◊	&loz;	lozenge
‎	&lrm;	left-to-right mark
‹	&lsaquo;	single left-pointing angle quotation mark
‘	‘	left single quote.
<	<	less than
¯	¯	macron, spacing macron, overline
—	—	m-dash, compare — —, − − – – - ordinary dash
µ	µ	micro sign
·	·	middle dot
−	−	minus sign, compare — — − − – – - ordinary dash
∇	∇	nabla, backward difference. See Δ Δ
		non breaking space
–	–	n-dash, compare — — − − – – - ordinary dash
≠	≠	not equal to
∋	&ni;	contains as member
¬	¬	not sign
∉	∉	not an element of
⊄	&nsub;	not a subset of
ñ	ñ	latin small letter n with tilde
‾	&oline;	overline, spacing overscore
⊕	&oplus;	circled plus, direct sum
∨	&or;	logical or, vee
ª	ª	feminine ordinal indicator
º	º	masculine ordinal indicator
⊗	&otimes;	circled times, vector product
¶	¶	paragraph sign, pilcrow sign
∂	∂	partial differential
‰	&permil;	per mille sign
⊥	&perp;	up tack, orthogonal to, perpendicular
ϖ	ϖ	Greek pi symbol, see also π π and Π Π
±	±	plus-minus sign, plus-or-minus sign
£	£	pound sign
″	″	double prime, seconds, inches
′	′	prime, minutes, feet
∏	∏	n-ary product, product sign
∝	&prop;	proportional to
"	"	double quote. Usually use the “ and ”.
"	"	quotation mark, APL quote
√	√	square root, radical sign
⟩	&rang;	right-pointing angle bracket, ket
»	»	right guillemot, right angled quote. right-pointing double angle quotation mark
⇒	⇒	rightwards
→	→	rightwards arrow
⌉	&rceil;	right ceiling
”	”	right double quote.
›	&rsaquo;	right angle quote.
ℜ	&real;	blackletter capital R, real part symbol
®	®	registered trade mark sign. Illegal for a vendor to use without legal registration. See also ™ ™
⌋	&rfloor;	right floor
‏	&rlm;	right-to-left mark
’	’	right single quote.
‚	&sbquo;	single low-9 quotation mark
⋅	⋅	dot operator
§	§	section sign, like two Ss joins forming a circle in the middle
(-)		soft hyphen -. The soft hyphen is always visible, and may look slightly different from a normal hyphen. It is intended for use at ends of line to indicate a word break. There is no such thing as a non-breaking hyphen, that forces text on both sides to stay on the same line. Further there is no such thing as a discretionary hyphen that marks a good place to split a word over two lines if necessary, invisible unless the word breaks over two lines.
∼	&sim;	tilde operator, varies with, similar to
♠	&spades;	black spade suit
⊂	⊂	subset of
⊆	&sube;	subset of or equal to
⊇	&supe;	superset of or equal to
∑	∑	n-ary summation
¹	¹	superscript 1 one
²	²	superscript 2 two. You can also use ² <sup>2</sup>
³	³	superscript 3 three
⊃	⊃	superset of. It does not mean superscript.
ß	ß	German double s, Beta.
∴	&there4;	therefore
		thin space
×	×	multiplication sign
™	&trade	unregistered Trademark. ™ only recently supported. Use <sup>TM</sup> for safety. only works in Latin-1. See this full discussion of the problems. See ® ®
↑	↑	upwards arrow
⇑	&uArr;	upwards double arrow
¨	¨	diaeresis, spacing diaeresis
ϒ	&upsih;	Greek upsilon with hook symbol, see also υ υ and Υ Υ.
℘	&weierp;	script capital P, power set, Wierstrasse
¥	¥	yen sign
‍	&zwj;	zero width joiner
‌	&zwnj;	zero width non-joiner

Depending on your browser and your installed fonts, some of those characters above will not display properly.

Arrows

Ways of Making Arrows

Appearance

HTML tags

	∧
<	—	>
	∨

	&and;
<	—	>
	&or;

	↑
←	↔	→
	↓

	↑
←	↔	→
	↓

	⇑
⇐	⇔	⇒
	⇓

	&uArr;
⇐	⇔	⇒
	&dArr;

Accented Letter Entities

Accented Letter Entities
Char		Code
Upper Case	Lower Case	Upper Case	Lower Case	Description
À	à	À	à	a grave
Á	á	Á	á	a acute
Â	â	Â	â	a circumflex
Ã	ã	Ã	ã	a tilde
Ä	ä	Ä	ä	a umlaut
Å	å	Å	å	a ring
Æ	æ	Æ	æ	ae ligature
Ç	ç	Ç	ç	c cedilla
È	è	È	è	e grave
É	é	É	é	e acute
Ê	ê	Ê	ê	e circumflex
Ë	ë	Ë	ë	e umlaut
Ì	ì	Ì	ì	i grave
Í	í	Í	í	i acute
Î	î	Î	î	i circumflex
Ï	ï	Ï	ï	i umlaut
Ð	ð	Ð	ð	Icelandic eth
Ñ	ñ	Ñ	ñ	n tilde
Œ	œ	&OElig;	&oelig;	oe ligature grave
Ò	ò	Ò	ò	o grave
Ó	ó	Ó	ó	o acute
Ô	ô	Ô	ô	o circumflex
Õ	õ	Õ	õ	o tilde
Ö	ö	Ö	ö	o umlaut
Ø	ø	Ø	ø	o slash
Š	š	&Scaron;	&scaron;	s caron slash
Ù	ù	Ù	ù	u grave
Ú	ú	Ú	ú	uacute
Û	û	Û	û	u circumflex
Ü	ü	Ü	ü	u umlaut
Ý	ý	Ý	ý	y acute
Þ	þ	Þ	þ	Icelandic thorn
Ÿ	ÿ	&Yuml;	ÿ	y umlaut

Depending on your browser and your installed fonts, some of those characters above will not display properly.

Greek Letter Entities

Greek Letter Entities
Char		Code
Upper Case	Lower Case	Upper Case	Lower Case	Description
Α	α	Α	α	alpha
Β	β	Β	β	beta
Γ	γ	Γ	γ	gamma
Δ	δ	Δ	δ	delta
Ε	ε	Ε	ε	epsilon
Ζ	ζ	Ζ	ζ	zeta
Η	η	Η	η	eta
Θ	θ	Θ	θ	theta
	ϑ		&thetasym;	theta symbol
Ι	ι	Ι	ι	iota
Κ	κ	Κ	κ	kappa
Λ	λ	Λ	λ	lambda
Μ	μ	Μ	μ	mu
Ν	ν	Ν	ν	nu
Ξ	ξ	Ξ	ξ	xi
Ο	ο	Ο	ο	omicron
Π	π	Π	π	pi
	ϖ		ϖ	pi symbol
Ρ	ρ	Ρ	ρ	rho
Σ	σ	Σ	σ	sigma
	ς		&sigmaf;	final sigma
Τ	τ	Τ	τ	tau
Υ	υ	Υ	υ	upsilon
Φ	φ	Φ	φ	phi
Χ	χ	Χ	χ	chi
Ψ	ψ	Ψ	ψ	psi
Ω	ω	Ω	ω	omega

Depending on your browser and your installed fonts, some of those characters above will not display properly.

Cyrillic Letter Entities

Cyrillic Letter Entities
Char		Code
Upper Case	Lower Case	Upper Case	Lower Case	Description
А	а	А	а	A
Б	б	Б	б	BE
В	в	В	в	VE
Г	г	Г	г	GHE
Д	д	Д	д	DE
Е	е	Е	е	IE
Ж	ж	Ж	ж	ZHE
З	з	З	з	ZE
И	и	И	и	I
Й	й	Й	й	SHORT I
К	к	К	к	KA
Л	л	Л	л	EL
М	м	М	м	EM
Н	н	Н	н	EN
О	о	О	о	O
П	п	П	п	PE
Р	р	Р	р	ER
С	с	С	с	ES
Т	т	Т	т	TE
У	у	У	у	U
Ф	ф	Ф	ф	EF
Х	х	Х	х	HA
Ц	ц	Ц	ц	TSE
Ч	ч	Ч	ч	CHE
Ш	ш	Ш	ш	SHA
Щ	щ	Щ	щ	SHCHA
Ъ	ъ	Ъ	ъ	HARD SIGN
Ы	ы	Ы	ы	YERU
Ь	ь	Ь	ь	SOFT SIGN
Э	э	Э	э	E
Ю	ю	Ю	ю	YU
Я	я	Я	я	YA

Polish Accented Letters

Polish Accented Letters
Char		Code
Upper Case	Lower Case	Upper Case	Lower Case	Description
Ą	ą	Ą	ą	A ogonek
Ę	ę	Ę	ę	E ogonek
Ó	ó	Ó	ó	O acute
Ć	ć	Ć	ć	C acute
Ł	ł	Ł	ł	L stroke
Ń	ń	Ń	ń	N acute
Ś	ś	Ś	ś	S acute
Ź	ź	Ź	ź	Z acute
Ż	ż	Ż	ż	Z dot above

Numeric Hex Entity Codes

In HTML, you code special character with entities such as ". Not all entities have alphabetic names. For those you must code them as hex entity codes. Read up on Unicode to find out what these characters are for. View a table of hex entity codes

Amper Utility: to convert & to & intelligently
ASCII code table
CSS
Entities classes: to insert and strip entities from HTML
Entities: a program to convert text to entity form and back
Esperanto Accented Letters
Fonts
FontShower: fonts available in Java
FORMS
FORMS: specification
hex entities
HTML 4.01 Specifications: current HTML Standard
HTML Cheat Sheet
Reuters Unicode Displayer
Unicode
W3C definitive list of entities
WikiPedia entity list

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