Base64 : Java Glossary

Base64

A way of encoding 8-bit characters using only ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) printable characters similar to UUENCODE. UUENCODE embeds a filename where BASE64 does not. You will see BASE64 used in encoding digital certificates, in encoding user:password string in an Authorization: header for HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol). The spec is described in RFC (Request For Comment) 2045.

Don’t confuse it with x-www-form-urlencoded which is handled by java.net. URLEncoder. encode/decode.

This process of converting binary data to printable characters as sometimes called armouring because it protects the data from transport systems that meddle with, ignore or act on control characters embedded in the data.

Under the Hood

BASE64 is a scheme where 3 bytes are concatenated, then split to form 4 groups of 6-bits each; and each 6-bits gets translated to an encoded printable ASCII character, via a table lookup. An encoded string is therefore longer than the original by about 1/3. The "=" character is used to pad the end out to an even multiple of four.

Base 64 armouring uses only the characters A-Z, a-z, 0-9 and +/=. This makes it suitable for encoding binary data as SQL (Standard Query Language) strings, that will work no matter what the encoding. Unfortunately + / and = all have special meaning in URLs.

Implementations

I have written source code for encoding/decoding BASE64 that you can download. Sun has an undocumented method called sun.misc. BASE64Encoder. encode. There is a non-public class in Java 1.4+ called java.util.prefs.Base64. JavaMail MimeUtility. decode( bais, "Base64"); can encode and decode a number of encodings.

Learning More

Oracle’s Miscellaneous documentation on MimeUtility

will encode/decode base64, quoted-printable, 7bit, 8bit, binary and uuencode.

Apache Commons Codec Base64
armouring
Base64u
Brian Burton’s base64
CMP Base64: with source
encoding
Iharder
MiGBase Michael Grev’s base64
Ostermiller Dase64
printable
Unified I/O has an encoder that works on Streams
url-encoded
UUENCODE
yEnc

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